Baltimore biography

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Baltimore biography

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Archived from the original on November 11, History of Baltimore, Maryland, from its founding as a town to the current year, , including its early settlement and development; a description of its historic and interesting localities; political, military, civil, and religious statistics; biographies of representative citizens, etc. It appears your browser does not have it turned on.

Please see your browser settings for this feature. EMBED for wordpress. Want more? Advanced embedding details, examples, and help! By his company rivaled the Bank of the United States in the American foreign exchange markets, and the transition from the 'traditional' to the 'modern' merchant was nearly complete. It became the nation's first investment bank.

It was sold in , but the name lives on as Deutsche Bank Alex. Brown , a division of Germany's Deutsche Bank. Baltimore faced economic stagnation unless it opened routes to the western states, as New York had done with the Erie Canal in In , twenty-five merchants and bankers studied the best means of restoring "that portion of the Western trade which has recently been diverted from it by the introduction of steam navigation.

It built the first passenger and freight station Mount Clare in and was the first railroad that earned passenger revenues December , and published a timetable May 23, On December 24, , it became the first rail line to reach the Ohio River from the eastern seaboard. In the mids the Western Maryland Railway began constructing a line to Westminster and points west, reaching Hagerstown in From the late 18th century into the s Baltimore was a "city of transients," a fast-growing boom town attracting thousands of ex-slaves from the surrounding countryside.

Slavery in Maryland declined steadily after the s as the state's economy shifted away from plantation agriculture, as evangelicalism and a liberal manumission law encouraged slaveholders to free enslaved people held in bondage, and as other slaveholders practiced "term slavery," registering deeds of manumission but postponing the actual date of freedom for a decade or more.

Baltimore's shrinking population of enslaved people often lived and worked alongside the city's growing free black population as "quasi-freedmen. Despite the overall poverty of the city's free blacks, compared with the condition of those living in Philadelphia, Charleston, and New Orleans , Baltimore was a "city of refuge," where enslaved and free blacks alike found an unusual amount of freedom.

Churches, schools, and fraternal and benevolent associations provided a cushion against hardening white attitudes toward free people of color in the wake of Nat Turner's revolt in Virginia in But a flood of German and Irish immigrants swamped Baltimore's labor market after , driving free blacks deeper into poverty. The Maryland Chemical Works of Baltimore used a mix of free labor, hired slave labor, and enslaved people held by the corporation to work in its factory.

While slave labor was about 20 percent cheaper, the company began to reduce its dependence on enslaved labor in when two slaves ran away and one died. The location of Baltimore in a border state created opportunities for enslaved people in the city to run away and find freedom in the north—as Frederick Douglass did. Therefore, slaveholders in Baltimore frequently turned to gradual manumission as a means to secure dependable and productive labor from slaves.

In promising freedom after a fixed period of years, slaveholders intended to reduce the costs associated with lifetime servitude while providing slaves incentive for cooperation. Enslaved people tried to negotiate terms of manumission that were more advantageous, and the implicit threat of flight weighed significantly in slaveholders' calculations.

The dramatic decrease in the enslaved population during indicates that slavery was no longer profitable in the city. Slaves were still used as expensive house servants: it was cheaper to hire a free worker by the day, with the option of dropping him or replacing him with a better worker, rather than run the expense of maintaining a slave month in and month out with little flexibility.

On the eve of the Civil War , Baltimore had the largest free black community in the nation. About 15 schools for black people were operating, including Sabbath schools operated by Methodists, Presbyterians, and Quakers, along with several private academies. All black schools were self-sustaining, receiving no state or local government funds, and whites in Baltimore generally opposed educating the black population, continuing to tax black property holders to maintain schools from which black children were excluded by law.

Baltimore's black community, nevertheless, was one of the largest and most divided in America due to this experience. Baltimore in the Third Party System had two-party competitive elections, with powerful bosses, carefully orchestrated political violence, and an emerging working-class consciousness at the polls. The fierce politics of the s had galvanized the white workers, most of them German, who opposed slavery.

The American Party emerged in the mids to represent Protestants and to counter the Democratic Party, which was increasingly controlled by Catholic Irish. When Baltimore erupted in violence at the time of President Abraham Lincoln 's inauguration, for example, the pro- Union "Blood Tubs" that took to the streets were veterans of political rioting. The party promoted modernization, including professionalizing police and fire departments, expanding the courts, and upgrading the water supply.

Voters elected a congressman and governor nominated by the party during its short life. In the Democrat-controlled legislature took back the city police, the militia , patronage, and the electoral machinery, and prosecuted some Know-Nothings for electoral fraud. By the Know-Nothings had split over secession. Because of fear of assassination while passing through Baltimore on the way to his inauguration , Lincoln separated from his family and traveled through Baltimore first, in the middle of the night.

Whether the plot existed is disputed, but Lincoln and his security escort from the Pinkerton Agency believed that the danger could not be safely ignored. The Civil War divided Baltimore and Maryland's residents. Much of the social and political elite favored the Confederacy—and indeed owned house slaves. They were less concerned with the abolition of slavery, an issue emphasized by Republicans, and much more with nativism, temperance, and religious beliefs, associated with the Know-Nothing Party and strongly opposed by the Democrats.

However the Germans hated slavery and supported the Union. When Union soldiers from the 6th Massachusetts Militia and some unarmed Pennsylvania state militia known as the "Washington Brigade" from Philadelphia with their band marched through the city at the start of the war, Confederate sympathizers attacked the troops, which led to the first bloodshed in the Civil War during the Baltimore riot of Four soldiers and twelve civilians were killed during the riot, which caused Union troops to later occupy Baltimore in May under Gen.

Benjamin F. Butler of Massachusetts. Maryland came under direct federal administration—in part, to prevent the state from seceding—until the end of the war in April When Massachusetts troops marched through the city on April 19, , en route to Washington, D. Governor Thomas Hicks realized action needed to be taken. He convened a special session of the General Assembly but moved its location to a site in Frederick , a distance from the secessionist groups.

In doing this and by other actions, Hicks managed to neutralize the General Assembly to avoid Maryland's secession from the Union, becoming a hero in the eyes of the Unionists in the state. Meanwhile, pro- Confederate gangs burned the bridges connecting Baltimore and Washington to the North, and cut the telegraph lines. Lincoln sent in federal troops under Gen.

Ben Butler ; they seized the city, imposed martial law , and arrested leading Confederate spokesmen. The prisoners were later released and the rail lines reopened, making Baltimore a major Union base during the war. Maryland was not subject to Reconstruction , but the end of slavery meant heightened racial tensions as free blacks flocked to the city and many armed confrontations erupted between blacks and whites.

Rural blacks who flocked to Baltimore created increased competition for skilled jobs and upset the prewar relationship between free blacks and whites. As black migrants were relegated to unskilled work or no work at all, violent strikes erupted. Denied entry into the regular state militia, armed blacks formed militias of their own. In the midst of this change, white Baltimoreans interpreted black discontent as disrespect for law and order, which justified police repression.

Baltimore had a larger population of African Americans than any northern city. The new Maryland state constitution of ended slavery and provided for the education of all children, including blacks. The Baltimore Association for the Moral and Educational Improvement of the Colored People established schools for blacks that were taken over by the public school system, which then restricted education for blacks beginning in when Democrats regained control of the city.

Establishing an unequal system that prepared white students for citizenship while using education to reinforce black subjugation, Baltimore's postwar school system exposed the contradictions of race, education, and republicanism in an age when African Americans struggled to realize the ostensible freedoms gained by emancipation. From to black schools grew from 10 to 27 and enrollment from to 9, Black leaders were convinced by the Rev.

William Alexander and his newspaper, the Afro American , that economic advancement and first-class citizenship depended on equal access to schools. By manufacturing replaced trade and made the city a nationally important industrial center. The port continued to ship increasing amounts of grain, flour, tobacco, and raw cotton to Europe. The new industries of men's clothing, canning, tin and sheet-iron ware products, foundry and machine shop products, cars, and tobacco manufacture had the largest labor force and largest product value.

The construction of new housing was a major factor in Baltimore's economy. Vill examines the activities of major builders between and , especially as they gained access to building land and capital. Most, but not all, of the major builders were craftsmen who were entrepreneurs compared with others in the building trades, but were still small businessmen who built small numbers of houses during long careers.

They worked with landowners, and both groups manipulated the city's leasehold system to their own advantage. Builders obtained credit from a diverse array of sources, including sellers of land, building societies, and land companies. The most important source was individual lenders, who lent money in small amounts either on their own account or through lawyers and trustees overseeing funds held in trust.

In spite of their important role in shaping the city, the contractors were small businessmen who rarely achieved citywide visibility. Citizens sympathetic to the railroad workers attacked the National Guard troops as they marched from their armories in Baltimore to Camden Station. Soldiers from the 6th Regiment fired on the crowd, killing 10 and wounding Order was restored in the city on July 21—22 when federal troops arrived to protect railroad property and end the strike.

An expanded economic activity brought many immigrants from the countryside and from Europe after the Civil War. They merged in Political reform began in the mids with the defeat of the Arthur Gorman - Isaac Freeman Rasin Democratic machine. Founded in , [ 53 ] the Maryland Suffrage Association was one of the first state suffrage associations for women in the U.

For example, Elizabeth King Ellicott , Martha Carey Thomas , Mary Garrett , Mary Gwinn , and Julia Rogers formed the Women's Fund Committee of the Johns Hopkins University and successfully negotiated that they would help raise money to build the new medical school on the condition that the school allows women to attend when it opened.

In , when the Johns Hopkins Medical School opened, [ 57 ] there were three women and fifteen men in the first class. The Great Baltimore Fire of destroyed 70 blocks and 1, buildings in the downtown and led to systematic urban renewal programs. Already Boston , Chicago , and New York were moving to modernize their public works infrastructures and to support the construction of capital-intensive , technologically sophisticated sewer and water supply systems.

Baltimore lagged behind the other American metropolises because of its culture of privatism and the politicization of its municipal administration. However, during the — period the city responded to the same concerns as Chicago, New York, and Boston. The increase in urban crises, particularly the fire and the deterioration of sanitary conditions, prompted demands for reform.

Moreover, the municipal administration underwent a process of moralization and professionalization in the 20th century. Afterward, Baltimore modeled itself on the other American metropolises and chose to modernize its institutions and address the industrial and urban challenges of the era. The story of the Patapsco Forest Reserve later renamed the Patapsco Valley State Park near Baltimore reveals notable connections between the Progressive-era movements for forest conservation and urban park planning.

In , the Patapsco Valley site, although outside the city boundary, was nevertheless identified by the Olmstead Brothers landscape architecture firm as an ideal site to acquire property for future park development. At the same time, the Maryland State Board of Forestry, seeking to establish scientific forestry research, received donated land for this purpose in the Patapsco Valley.

Over subsequent decades, a powerful alliance of urban elites, state managers, and city officials assembled thousands of acres along the Patapsco River. The site evolved into a unique hybrid of forest preserve and public park that reflected both its location on the urban fringe and its dual heritage in the conservation and parks movements.

When in the US government reversed its draft exemption for married workers and required all men to work in essential occupations or serve in the military, professional baseball players either enlisted or joined industrial baseball leagues. Company leagues included those of Bethlehem Steel , which had recreational leagues on both coasts that by represented a major-league level of competition.

Sparrows Point, Maryland , a Bethlehem Steel company town, had a Steel League team, whose results Baltimore baseball fans followed closely. At the same time, fans also followed the draft status and season of Baltimore native Babe Ruth , then playing with the Boston Red Sox and considering his own options, including joining an industrial league team.

In September Bethlehem Steel, fearing competition with other leagues over professional talent, disbanded the Steel League. When the war ended in November, players such as Ruth were free to re-sign with their major league teams. With the upswell of urbanization and industrialization, Baltimore experienced a boom in population, with its African American population growing from 54, to 79, between and and its total population more than doubling from , to , between and African Americans moving from the South and rural areas with little money and limited job opportunities compromised living conditions by seeking cheaper housing and sharing apartments designed for single-families across multiple large families.

This influx of residents into neighborhoods with poor sanitation and structural integrity began the formation of Baltimore's first slums. Throughout the nineteenth century, Baltimore citizens had experienced no legislation segregating their housing. However, white residents became hostile towards black citizens moving from rural areas and the Baltimore slums into predominantly white neighborhoods, leading lawyer Milton Dashiell to draft an ordinance to segregate Baltimore.

In , Mayor J. Barry Mahool passed Dasheill's bill into law, cementing Baltimore as the first U. The law prohibited people of color from moving onto blocks where whites were the majority, and prevented white people from moving onto blocks where people of color were the majority. Many other cities across the United States soon followed suit, passing their own residential segregation laws.

The supreme court struck down the Louisville, Kentucky ordinance, repealing Baltimore's segregation ordinance, but the legacy of the ordinance remained. Although Baltimore had experienced an influx in its African American population around the turn of the century, the start of the First World War and the increased availability of urban industry jobs spurred the Great Migration, leading Baltimore like other Northern cities to experience a surge in its African American population, particularly around its ports.

In response to the supreme court decision that abolished residential segregation and the influx of African American migrants, Mayor James H. Preston ordered housing inspectors to report anyone who rented or sold property to black people in predominantly white neighborhoods. Known for its picturesque Inner Harbour and marvellous architecture, the city of Baltimore in Maryland , USA has hundreds of years of rich history attached to it.

Every street, building, neighbourhood, and store tells a story. Baltimore is the largest independent city in the United States of America and the most populated city in Maryland. Through our guide, you will travel through Baltimore over the years and explore its rich heritage and history. Source How did Baltimore get its name? Source Baltimore derives its name from the baron of Baltimore in Ireland which was the seat of the proprietors of the European colony of Maryland- the Calvert family.

It is named after Cecil Calvert, second Baltimore. The name of the city itself showcases the rich but complicated history of Baltimore. The main occupations were hunting, gathering, fishing, and other similar professions required in the ancient ages. John Smith, an English explorer, and colonial governor, travelled from Jamestown to the Chesapeake Bay in , paving the way for the first European expedition.

A few years later English colonists, who were initially uneasy about Native American war regalia and body paintings, begin settling in Maryland and Baltimore. The Piscataway tribe chief granted the colonists permission to settle, and diplomatic relations between tribes and colonists were established. In , the County of Baltimore was officially erected.

Colonization of Baltimore Source The English colonists began to assert their dominance on the indigenous population of Baltimore slowly. The port of Baltimore was established at the Whetstone Point for the tobacco trade. The plantations in Baltimore began growing tobacco and sugar as it benefited the English in their trade. The public market system was put in place, and the Lexington Market, which became the centre of the slave trade, was founded in This period in the history of Baltimore was dark and filled with discrimination, exploitation, and violence against the indigenous and African-American communities.

However, in the following decades, the people of Baltimore showed resistance and fought for their rights. Their struggle further impacted and inspired larger struggles in the United States for freedom from colonialism. It went on to be adopted as the US national anthem in by Congress. It is also the oldest railroad in the USA. It was established so that Baltimore would be open for trade and exchange with western American states.

The Outcome of the Railroad System This proved to be very effective in avoiding economic stagnation. It was useful in easy and quicker transportation of goods and people. The establishment of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad was a turning point in the developmental history of Baltimore and all of the United States. The Great Baltimore Fire Source In , a fire raged through Baltimore and destroyed more than buildings, and damaged over public spaces.

Over million USD of property damage was reported. After the fire destroyed the city, Baltimore was rebuilt in a more modern way.